BDB Bertsolaritzaren datu-basea

This dissertation investigates the links between Indonesian hip-hop music in the 1990s and the New Order Regime, and how the oppression of the New Order Regime helped create Indonesia’s unique ‘polite’ and ‘implicit’ hip-hop style. I argue that the social and political contexts of the time saw hip-hop artists use their art as a tool that could expresses their subtle yet political messages to avoid the government’s censorship. I provide a critical text analysis alongside an interrogation of my own experiences as a student in Indonesia. By further exploring the relationship between hip-hop music and oppression in Indonesia in the 1990s, I suggest that the unique early hip-hop style in the 1990s, when freedom of expression was limited, gave Indonesian youths a tool to protest. Hip-hop became a safe place for both the educated and uneducated, the rich and poor. It acted as a unifier for the many diverse Indonesian communities

Introduction ...7
Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Hip-Hop ...11
Chapter 2: Indonesia’s Social and Political Context in the 1990s ...26
Chapter 3: Hip-Hop in Indonesia ...38
Chapter 4: Hip-Hop as a Form of Social Criticism ...48
Conclusion ...57
Bibliography ...59
Discography ...65
Image List ....66