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The Kalevala, first published in 1835 by Elias Lönnrot, is the Finnish national epic and was fundamental in formalizing the Finnish language. It is a collection of stories Lönnrot collected over many years, pieced together to create a coherent epic. The stories in the Kalevala stem from an oral tradition, in which singing and music was integral. The stories in the epic contain many different characters, with Väinämöinen and his quest in to find a wife at the forefront. Other major characters discussed include Kullervo, Lemminkäinen, and Luonnotar. Extensive research exists about the history of the Kalevala itself, as well as its impact on music in Finland in the areas of pop music, symphonic music, choral music, and opera. However, little scholarship exists, regarding how the texts from the Kalevala have been incorporated into 19th and 20th century art song. The lack of research about the Kalevala in art song is due partly to the fact that no catalogue of related songs exists. Also, works based on the Kalevala are hard to obtain, as many are only available in manuscript form, or are found only in the Finnish National Archives. This essay aims to bridge the research gap on art song inspired by the Kalevala, while evaluating the works available in the context of their incorporation of the folk singing tradition that would have been used in the early performance of these Kalevala texts. Songs analyzed include works by Gabriel Linsén, Emil Kauppi, Jean Sibelius, Otto Kotilainen, and Erkki Melartin.

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF EXAMPLES …x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW …1
Research Based on the Written Text Compiled by Elias Lönnrot …1
Musical and Textual Characteristics of the Sung Oral Tradition …2
Finnish Nationalism as a Result of the Publication of the Kalevala ...4
Sources That Discuss Composers of Kalevala Musical Works Other Than Art Song …5
Scores and Recordings …7
Conclusions ..8
CHAPTER II: HISTORY OF THE WRITTEN KALEVALA AND ITS INFLUENCE ON FINNISH NATIONALISM …9
Before Lönnrot …9
Elias Lönnrot and the Collecting Journeys …12
The Proto-Kalevala, Old Kalevala, Kanteletar, and the Kalevala …15
The Kalevala and Finnish Nationalism …17
CHAPTER III: INFLUENCE OF THE KALEVALA ON FINNISH COMPOSERS …21
An Overview of Kalevala-Related Classical Music …21
Large Scale vs. Small Scale Works …29
Preference for Specific Texts and Characters …29
CHAPTER IV: TEXTUAL AND MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FINNISH ORAL FOLK TRADITION …31
Textual Elements of Finnish Rune/Folk Poetry …31
Categories of Song/Poetry …31
Text Setting …33
Alliteration …34
Parallelism …36
Stock Motifs…38
The Kalevala Meter …38
Tonal Structure …40
Performance Practice …41
CHAPTER V: KALEVALA INSPIRED ART SONG IN SWEDISH …44
Kalevala Sånger-Gabriel Linsén …44
“Kullervos klagan” …45
“Lemminkäinen” …50
“Wäinämöinens sång till solen” …54
Två sånger ur "Prinsessan af Cypern"-Emil Kauppi …56
“Ballade” …58
“Qvarnvisa” …64
CHAPTER VI: ART SONGS OF THE KALEVALA IN FINNISH …69
“Vanha Kalevalasävemlmä”-Anonymous …69
Jean Sibelius …72
Luonnotar Op. 70 …73
“Kullervon valitus” from Kullervo Op. 7 …85
“Waka vanha Wäinämöinen”-Otto Kotilainen…91
“Kotihinsa muut menevät”-Erkki Melartin…98
FURTHER STUDY …107
Emopa sinun elätti by Olavi Pesonen …107
Jumalatteret by John Zorn …107
Kirjokannen kappaleita by Ahti Karjalainen …108
Kokko, ilman lintu by Tauno Marttinen …108
Marjatta, op. 79 by Erkki Melartin …108
Taivahan takoja by Ahti Sonninen …108
Tuonelan joutsen [The Swan of Tuonela], op. 48 by Oskar Merikanto …109
Two Kalevala Songs for Soprano and piano, op. 47 by Timo-Juhani Kyllonen …109
CONCLUSIONS …110
PERMISSIONS …111
BIBLIOGRAPHY …113