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This dissertation seeks to create a vision for virtuality culture through a theoretical expansion of Walter Ong's literacy and orality culture model. It investigates the ubiquitous and multimodal nature of the virtuality cultural phenomenon that is mediated by contemporary technology and not explained by pre-existing cultural conventions. Through examining the theoretical underpinnings of orality and literacy culture, the dissertation explores the cultural shift that is just beginning to restructure human consciousness through the ways that society is connecting, exploring and communicating. Further, this dissertation examines the contrasts between virtuality culture features and those related to traditional literacy and orality types, including the gap between the theory of secondary orality and virtuality culture. This dissertation also proposes three ways that contemporary technology creates human presence related to virtuality culture. Finally, this dissertation describes the broad implications for the evolution of virtuality culture in areas such as education, technology, literacy, philosophy, politics, linguistics, ethics, history, the arts and cultural studies.

Abstract … IV
Dedication …VI
Acknowledgment …VII
List of Tables …XIII

Chapter I …1
Finding The Ground …1
The Emergence of Virtuality Culture …2
Beginning This Theoretical Quest …4

Chapter II …10
Overview …10
The Wisdom of Walter Ong …12
Introduction to Primary Orality …16
The Features of Orally Based Thought and Expression …16
Codifying Oral Performance …18
Rhetoric and The Origins of Consciousness …19
Medieval Communication and Technology …20
The Evolution of Literacy Cultures …21
The Features of Literacy Based Thought and Expression …23
Secondary Orality …26
Communication …26
Shannon-Weaver Theory of Communication …27
The Mechanization of Imagery and Text in Communication …27
Visual Rhetoric …29
Defining Virtuality Terms …29
Virtual …29
Virtuality …30
Defining Technology Terms …31
Technology …31
Digital Natives …31
Digital Immigrant …31
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) …32
Barriers to Technology Integration …34
Defining Literacized Technology Terms …34
Cyberliteracy …37
Digital Literacy …37
Electronic Literacy …37
Gaming Literacy …38
Graphic or Visual Literacy …38
Hypermedia Literacy or Branching Literacy …39
Information Literacy …39
Media Literacy, Multimedia Literacy or New Media Literacy …40
Metaliteracy …40
Multimodal Literacy or Multiliteracy …40
Postliteracy …41
Reproduction Literacy …41
Socio-Emotional Literacy …41
Technological Literacy …42
Teleliteracy …42
Transliteracy …43
Summary …43

Chapter III …45
Overview …45
The Theoretical Task …48
Writing About Virtuality in A Literacy-Based Dissertation …48
An Approach to Theoretical Analysis …49
A Comparison of Orality, Literacy and Virtuality Inventories of Thought and Expression …50
Features of Virtuality …51
A Theoretical Analysis …53
Bridging Orality, Literacy and Virtuality Features …57
Literacy-Virtuality and Orality-Virtuality Contrasts …57
The Nature of Dialogue …58
The Gap Between Secondary Orality and Virtuality …60
The Concept of Presence…63
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Presence …65
A Definition of Primary Presence …66
A Definition of Secondary Presence …66
A Definition of Tertiary Presence …67
Mediated and Unmediated Consequences …68
Considering Interiority, Exteriority and The Sensorium …69
Becoming A Culture of Virtuality …71
Plato’s Concept of Chora as A Metaphor For Becoming A Culture of Virtuality …74
Exploring Contemporary Technology and Virtuality Culture …76
Virtualizing The Word …78
A Summary of Findings …87

Chapter IV …89
Introduction …89
Implications and Suggestions for Further Research …90
The Restructuring of Human Consciousness …90
Virtuality and The Sensorium …93
Education …95
Educational Technology …98
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) …99
The Student Learning Activity Types …100
Literacy, Technology and The Student Activity Types …101
Multimedia Learning and Virtuality …102
In Conclusion: I Am What I Am Not Yet …102

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Features of Orally Based Thought and Expression …17
Table 2 Features of Literacy Based Thought and Expression …23
Table 3 A Comparison of Contemporary Literacy-Virtuality Terms and Concepts …35
Table 4 Features of Virtuality Based Thought and Expression …50
Table 5 A Comparison of Orality, Literacy and Virtuality Features …51